ChoudharyAntimicrobials have significantly enhanced the health and well-being of animals; nevertheless, their effectiveness has been undermined by the evolution of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in reaction to their use. The emergence of AMR in farmed fish is a significant concern in aquaculture. Alternatives to antimicrobial treatments include effective husbandry, appropriate feed formulation, vaccinations, biological control agents, and immunostimulants.
Introduction
The discovery of antibiotics in the early 20th century alleviated several life-threatening disorders a et al., 2007). Nearly a century later, the excessive and indiscriminate use of antibiotics has resulted in the formation of multiple drug-resistant(MDR) bacterial strains (Ciofu et al., 1994).
The escalation of aquaculture to satisfy the growing demand for fish has resulted in the endorsement of circumstances conducive to the use of various chemicals and pharmaceuticals to combat microbial infections. Antimicrobials have significantly enhanced the health and well-being of animals; nevertheless, their effectiveness has been undermined by the evolution of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in reaction to their use.
The emergence of AMR in farmed fish is a significant concern in aquaculture. AMR is increasingly acknowledged as a significant worldwide public health issue, exacerbated by the indiscriminate use of antimicrobial drugs in both human and animal health, as well as their prevalence in the environment.
The increased incidence of bacterial diseases in fish necessitates the frequent use of antibiotics, resulting in their persistence in aquatic ecosystems and thus fostering the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. AMR in aquaculture may be transmitted to clinically significant strains in the natural environment via horizontal gene transfer, conjugation, transmission, transduction therefore impacting the whole ecosystem…